Cluster analysis is
a class of statistical techniques
that can be applied to data that exhibit “natural” groupings. Cluster analysis
sorts through the raw data and groups them into clusters. A cluster is a group of relatively
homogeneous cases or observations. Objects in a cluster are similar to each
other. They are also dissimilar to objects outside the cluster, particularly
objects in other clusters.
In
marketing, cluster analysis is used for
·
Segmenting the market and determining target markets
· Product Positioning and New Product Development
·
Selecting test markets
Examples
The diagram below illustrates the results of a survey that studied drinkers’ perceptions of spirits (alcohol). Each point represents the results from one respondent. The research indicates there are four clusters in this market. The axes represent two traits of the market. In more complex cluster analyses you may have more than that number.
Another example
is the vacation travel market. Recent research has identified three clusters or market segments. They are: 1) The demanders
- they want exceptional service and expect to be pampered; 2) The escapists -
they want to get away and just relax; 3) The educationalist - they want to see
new things, go to museums, go on a safari, or experience new cultures.
Cluster
analysis, like factor analysis and multi-dimensional
scaling, is an interdependence technique: it makes no distinction
between dependent and independent variables. The entire set of interdependent
relationships is examined. It is similar to multi-dimensional scaling in that
both examine inter-object similarity by examining the complete set of
interdependent relationships. The difference is that multi-dimensional scaling
identifies underlying dimensions, while cluster analysis identifies clusters.
Cluster analysis is the obverse of factor analysis. Whereas factor analysis
reduces the number of variables by grouping them into a smaller set of factors,
cluster analysis reduces the number of observations or cases by grouping them
into a smaller set of clusters.